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Drake Equation

What do we need to know about to discover life in space? How can we estimate the number of technological civilizations that might exist among the stars? While working as a radio astronomer at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Green Bank, West Virginia, Dr. Frank Drake conceived an approach to bound the terms involved in estimating the number of technological civilizations that may exist in our galaxy. The Drake Equation, as it has become known, was first presented by Drake in 1961 and identifies specific factors thought to play a role in the development of such civilizations. Although there is no unique solution to this equation, it is a generally accepted tool used by the scientific community to examine these factors.

N = The number of civilizations in the Milky Way Galaxy whose electromagnetic emissions are detectable.

R∗ = The rate of formation of stars suitable for the development of intelligent life.

fp = The fraction of those stars with planetary systems.

ne = The number of planets, per solar system, with an environment suitable for life.

fl = The fraction of suitable planets on which life actually appears.

fi = The fraction of life bearing planets on which intelligent life emerges.

fc = The fraction of civilizations that develop a technology that releases detectable signs of their existence into space.

L = The length of time such civilizations release detectable signals into space.

Original estimates

R∗ = 1 yr−1 (1 star formed per year, on the average over the life of the galaxy; this was regarded as conservative)

fp = 0.2 to 0.5 (one fifth to one half of all stars formed will have planets)

ne = 1 to 5 (stars with planets will have between 1 and 5 planets capable of developing life)

fl = 1 (100% of these planets will develop life)

fi = 1 (100% of which will develop intelligent life)

fc = 0.1 to 0.2 (10–20% of which will be able to communicate)

L = 1000 to 100,000,000 years (which will last somewhere between 1000 and 100,000,000 years)

Within the limits of our existing technology, any practical search for distant intelligent life must necessarily be a search for some manifestation of a distant technology. In each of its last four decadal reviews, the National Research Council has emphasized the relevance and importance of searching for evidence of the electromagnetic signature of distant civilizations.

Besides illuminating the factors involved in such a search, the Drake Equation is a simple, effective tool for stimulating intellectual curiosity about the universe around us, for helping us to understand that life as we know it is the end product of a natural, cosmic evolution, and for making us realize how much we are a part of that universe. A key goal of the SETI Institute is to further high quality research that will yield additional information related to any of the factors of this fascinating equation. seti.org (read more)

don't start any new series during finals, don't start any new series during finals

don’t start any new series during finals, DON’T START ANY NEW SERIES DURING FINALS

💀death witch’s cupboard

🖤apache tear + gentle form of obsidian, useful for mending sorrow and grounding + legend states this stone formed when the tears of weeping apache women fell to the ground as they mourned their dead warriors

🖤calendula (marigold) + often used in funerals and remembrance ceremonies, eases sorrow + closely tied to samhain and día de los muertos

🖤cemetery dirt + used in a variety of death rituals and spells + contacting the dead, banishment, protection, astral protection + various types have different effects, research ethical collection first

🖤copal + resin often burned for purification, grounding, exorcism + closely tied to día de los muertos

🖤cypress (tree of death) + used to honor the dead and mend associated sorrow + chips may be sprinkled over a grave to ease the pain of loved ones left behind and help the departed soul move on + classic symbol of mourning, commonly found in cemeteries 

🖤frankincense + resin burned for consecration, exorcism, communing with the dead

🖤mullein (corpse candles) + can be used as a substitute for cemetery dirt + stalks are often used as wicks for homemade candles + used to invoke spirits and for divination 

🖤myrrh + resin burned for purification, exorcism, healing sorrow + increases power of any incense, often paired with frankincense 

🖤patchouli + can be used as a substitute for cemetery dirt + powerful, earthy musk when burned, useful for grounding in rituals

🖤poppy + suitable offering for the dead and many deities associated with such + brings peace to the deceased and loved ones

🖤rowan (mountain ash) + may be worn or planted near homes for protection + planted on graves to prevent haunting by departed spirits

🖤violet + legends tell of violets blooming on graves of virgins and saints + appropriate offering for the graves of children

🖤willow (witches aspirin) + traditional symbol of mourning as it “weeps” similarly to humans + used for protection and to commune with spirits + often found in cemeteries to soothe departed spirits

🖤wormwood + often used to summon spirits and commune with the dead + burned with sandalwood at night in cemeteries to conjure spirits

🖤yew + used for protection from evil and contacting the dead + often found in cemeteries and used in ancient roman funeral pyres

I was soaked and freezing cold by the time we reached this alpine lake, but something about the sound and tranquility kept me completely unbothered.

Everyone who reblogs this will get the title of a book to read based on their bio/posts.

Everyone. I mean it.

True. 😥

The Brainwave States. Alpha is about relaxation, imagination, visualization. This slow cycle of brain wave is 7-12 HZ (beats per second) is also associated with peace, safety and is a great state of mind for relieving stress. It is considered a gateway to deeper realms of consciousness and the Schuman Resonance which is the resonant frequency of the earth’s electromagnetic field. This state is essential to well-being. Beta is mostly associated with concentration, cognition, alertness, and focus. This state of mind allows you to make connections quickly and come up with solutions and ideas. It is great for creative projects and also a great state of mind for sports or physical activity that requires focused attention. The Beta wave rate is between 13-40 HZ. Theta is the state associated with meditation, intuition, memory and was first noticed when EEG was applied to meditating monks. This mystical realm is elusive and mysterious since brain activity slows almost to the point of sleep, but not quite. This state brings heightened receptivity, visions, flashes of dreamlike imagery, inspiration, and your buried memories. You may feel like you are floating or that your spirit is reaching beyond the container of your body. It is 4-7 HZ. and 4.5 beats per second appears to be the most optimal for inducing this “shamanic” state of consciousness. This meditative state increases creativity, enhances learning, reduces stress and awakens intuition and other extrasensory perception skills. Delta clocks in at about 0-4 HZ, and is pretty much where we go when we are in a deep sleep. This state is crucial for restoration of the body and healing. Delta has a lot to do with the subconscious, the place where intuition arises. Gamma is hyperspeed, above 40 HZ, and it is the most recently discovered frequency. Little is known about this state of mind, but initial research shows gamma waves are associated with high-level information processing and bursts of insight. Perhaps we are evolving to adapt with our fast paced, technology-driven world?