Superfluidity consists of an anomalous liquid state of quantum nature which is under a very low temperature behaving as if it had no viscosity and exhibiting an abnormally high heat transfer. This phenomenon was observed for the first time in liquid helium and has applications not only in theories about liquid helium but also in astrophysics and theories of quantum gravitation.
Helium only ends boiling at 2.2 K and is when it becomes helium-II (superfluid helium), getting a thermal conductivity increased by a million times, in addition to becoming a superconductor. Its viscosity tends to zero, hence, if the liquid were placed in a cubic container it would spread all over the surface. Thus, the liquid can flow upwards, up the walls of the container. If the viscosity is zero, the flexibility of the material is non-existent and the propagation of waves on the material occurs under infinite velocity.
Because it is a noble gas, helium exhibits little intermolecular interaction. The interactions that it presents are the interactions of Van der Waals. As the relative intensity of these forces is small, and the mass of the two isotopes of helium is small, the quantum effects, usually disguised under the thermal agitation, begin to appear, leaving the liquid in a state in which the particles behave jointly, under effect of a single wave function. In the two liquids in which cases of superfluidity are known, that is, in isotopes 3 and 4 of helium, the first is composed of fermions whereas the second is composed of bosons. In both cases, the explanation requires the existence of bosons. In the case of helium-3, the fermions group in pairs, similar to what happens in the superconductivity with the Cooper pairs, to form bosons.
Helium’s liquidity at low temperatures allows it to carry out a transformation called Bose–Einstein condensation, in which individual particles overlap until they behave like one big particle.
The idea of superfluids existed within neutron stars was proposed by Russian physicist Arkady Migdal in 1959. Making an analogy with Cooper pairs that form within superconductors, it is expected that protons and neutrons in the nucleus of a star of neutrons with sufficient high pressure and low temperature behave in a similar way forming pairs of Cooper and generate the phenomena of superfluidity and superconductivity.
The existence of this phenomenon was proven by NASA in 2011 when analyzing the neutron star left by supernova Cassiopeia A.
sources: 1, 2, 3 & 4 animation: 1 & 2
do you ever feel like your friendship with someone has an expiration date
Dear Rabbit Characters: The Soft Hearted (Insp.)
This is so me.😂👌
People keep posting ‘what’s REALLY in your food’ articles like I’m gonna stop eating whatever it’s about lmao Listen, death is coming. Death is coming. Pass me a hot dog.
Well life isnt always a fairytale😞😂
being single is fun af. being in a relationship is fun af. being a hoe is fun af. let me live my life god dammit.
Metatron’s Cube, and my projections of the five platonic solids in the third and fourth dimensions.
The fourth dimension has a sixth platonic solid as well, and I have no idea if it also gets projected in this sequence. I can’t even conceive of the object yet.
Recipe under the cut!
Keep reading
How do you even write in circular gallifreyan? I tried to learn but i don't understand
Here’s my go for a Sherman’s Gallifreyan guide:
You start with drawing a circle:
Then you will look from the chart below (It only has consonants I’ll explain how vowels work soon) what kind of circle represents the letter you want to write.
Consonants take one of four forms and have dots, lines or neither. So if you want to write J it’s only one floating circle, K is the same kind of circle but with two dots and S is a half of circle with three lines. There is no C so you must write S or K instead depending on the sound.
For example the letter H looks like that ↑. The yellow part is the circle and two lines for H and the white circle is the word circle. The lines can go anywhere and if there are more letters that have lines they can also share lines.
Vowels are much smaller circles than consonants. They are usually attached to the preceding consonant, but they can also float on their own.
Those small circles which I have painted red and blue are the vowels.The photo shows where do they attach to different consonants (red circles) and how do they work on their own (blue circles).
I have added I to go with the H so that they form the word Hi
Here is the same word, but the letters are now seperatery and H shares one line with I. Both ways are correct. A vowel must stand on its own only when it has no consonant to attach to (a word starts with a vowel or you have two vowels in a row). Double letters are denoted by double circles. Words are read and written anticlocwise starting from the bottom.
Sentences are contained within two circles. The outer circle is to just to contain the sentence and the inner circle has punctuations. To fill empty space the inner circle also has those half circles which I have painted greeen in the photo below. They have no true meaning and they are done simply for style.
“Empress of Mars”I have marked the reading order with numbers. Just like a word, you read them starting from the bottom and then proceeding around anticlockwise. So you start the reading from the bottom with E. Number two is M, three is P, four is R, five is E and six a double letter SS. Then you move on to the next word. As you can see the consonants share some lines so it doesn’t look messy.
Punctuation are added along the edge of the inner sentence circle.For example dot is a small circle in the inner circle and apostrophe has two lines that go from the inner circle to the word circle.
“The idiot’s lantern” The apostrophe is coloured yellow.
Since I write Circular Gallifreyan very often I have made a photoshop document which has the charts and some frequently used words
(“muista” is Finnish for “remember” if you wondered. It’s to remind me about those lines)
The hardest thing about writing Circular Gallifreyan is making it look good and getting all the letters to fit nicely. I usually leave the other halves of half circles till I have the whole text done and then erase then.
This is a screenshot I took while doing the all things end -quote. At that time it didn’t even have all of the circles so you can believe it’s hard to remember which ones to erase.
That’s the finished quote ↑. It has several sentences and they are placed the same way as words to sentences and letters to words.
That’s the basics of it. I hope this clears things up for you. If not then just ask more. I’m bad at explaining things so I hope this is not too confusing.