“A Black Hole Disrupts A Passing Star” Illustration Credit: NASA, JPL-Caltech

Venus, Mars and moon.

Image credit: Peter Barvoets

Solar System

UY Scuti – The Largest Star Discovered So Far

There are approximately 1 trillion trillion stars in our Universe, a number approximated by European Space Agency (ESA). Stars in the Universe come in all sizes. Their radius can be as small as 20 km and as big as 1 billion Km. One such extreme star is UY Scuti, a red supergiant star and the beast inside of which 5 billion Suns can fit.

UY Scuti is a red supergiant star in the constellation of Scutum and is known as the largest star in the universe. Approximately 9,500 light-years away, where 1 light-year is 6 trillion miles. In the summer of 2012, astronomers from the Very Large Telescope in the Atacama Desert in Chile measured the parameters of three red supergiants near the Galactic Center region: UY Scuti, AH Scorpii, and KW Sagittarii. They determined that all three stars are over 1,000 times bigger than the Sun and over 100,000 times more luminous than Sun. The stars’ sizes were calculated using the Rosseland Radius, the location at which the optical depth is 2/3, with distances adopted from earlier publications.

UY Scuti was found to be the largest and the most luminous of the three stars measured, at 1,708 ± 192 R0 which is larger than the orbit of Jupiter.    The size of UY Scuti can be realized from the fact that even if we build a hypothetical object that travels at speed of light, it will take 7 hours to travel around it, whereas for Sun it will just take 14.5 seconds.  As many as 5 billion Suns can fit inside of this beast.

UY Scuti is 340,000 times more luminous than the Sun. This means that the total energy output of this beast is 340,000 times greater than our star. However, the surface temperature of UY Scuti is about 3,300 K, roughly half the value for Sun. The surface temperature can be estimated by using Wein’s law in Physics which states that the wavelength of light emitted from a black body is inversely proportional to the 4th power of its absolute temperature. Hence, red-colored stars are cooler.

Although the star is very luminous, it isn’t visible with the naked eye as it is a ninth magnitude star. We can only see stars up to the sixth magnitude with the naked eye.

A star spends its 90% life on the main sequence of the Hertzsprung Russell diagram. On the main sequence it converts hydrogen into helium in its core. The Sun has been on the main sequence for the past 5 billion years and will remain there for another 5 billion years. On the main sequence, the inward gravitational collapse of the star is balanced by the outward gas and radiation pressure from the core nuclear reaction – a situation termed as hydrostatic equilibrium.

Stellar evolution models tell that UY Scuti has already left the main sequence and has started the fusion of helium in its core. This means it is left with just 10% of its life. Stars like these have a short lifespan of a few million years as compared to trillions of years for red dwarfs. After helium, heavier elements like carbon, neon, oxygen, magnesium, sulfur, silicon, iron and nickel will be created. Nickel-56 would be the last MAJOR fusion product in its core.

The next reaction – Nickel 56 to Zinc -60 isn’t thermodynamically favourable as it is an edothermic reaction (as the binding energy per nucleon vs mass number curve peaks at Iron-56.  After this, no fusion reaction will be possible. This will give gravitational collapse an upper hand and a catastrophic collapse will ensue forming a stellar-mass black hole.

Article by Rishabh Nakra, www.secretsofuniverse.in

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The International Space Station was in position to view the umbral shadow cast by the Moon as it moved between the Sun and the Earth during the solar eclipse on March 29, 2006. This astronaut image captures the shadow across southern Turkey, northern Cyprus, and the Mediterranean Sea.

“Using nothing more than Newton’s laws of gravitation, we astronomers can confidently predict that several billion years from now, our home galaxy, the Milky Way, will merge with our neighboring galaxy Andromeda. Because the distances between the stars are so great compared to their sizes, few if any stars in either galaxy will actually collide.

Any life on the worlds of that far-off future should be safe, but they would be treated to an amazing, billion-year-long light show a dance of a half a trillion stars to music first heard on one little world by a man who had but one true friend.”

COSMOS: A Spacetime Odyssey (2014) written by Ann Druyan and Steven Soter