AP Chem Summary: Chapter 1

AP Chem summary: Chapter 1

1.1

Chemistry: the study of composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter.

Composition of matter relates to the kinds of elements it contains 

Structure of matter relates to the ways the atoms of these elements are arranged 

Property: any characteristic that makes a sample of matter unique 

Molecule: an entity composed of two or more atoms with the atoms attached to one another in a specific way. 

1.2 

States of Matter: the three physical states matter exists in; gas, liquid, solid

There are two types of pure substances: 

Elements: has a single kind of atom and is represented by a chemical symbol (basically anything on the periodic table of elements) 

Compounds: composed of two or more elements joined chemically 

The Law of Constant Composition/ The Law of Definite Proportions

The elemental composition of a pure compound is always the same 

Mixtures: have variable compositions and can be homogeneous mixtures (solutions) or heterogeneous mixtures 

1.3 

Physical and chemical properties can be used to identify a substance 

Physical change: matter does not change its composition (ex: Changes of state; gas to liquid, etc)  Chemical change (Chemical reaction): substance is transformed into a chemically different substance  Intensive properties: independent of the amount of matter examined (internal qualities)  Extensive Properties: relate to amount of substance present (external qualities)  Scientific Method: dynamic process used to answer questions about our physical world; can lead to scientific laws (general rules that summarize how nature behaves) Makes use of hypotheses (tentative explanations) which can be tested and refined into theories that can predict the results of future observations and experiments.

1.4 

Measurements in chem are made using the metric system and SI units. 

length- meter (m), mass- Kilogram (kg), time- second (s).  

Kelvin = Celsius + 273 Celsius = (5/9)(Fahrenheit - 32)  Density = Mass / Volume 

1.5 + 1.6 

All measured quantities are inexact to some extent 

Precision: how closely different measurements of a quantity agree with one another 

Accuracy: how well measurement agrees with the accepted or “true” value 

Significant Figures: one estimated digit, the last digit of the measurement. Certain rules must be followed. 

Dimensional Analysis: a problem solving technique where units play a major role within the calculation using conversion factors (ratios constructed from valid relations between equivalent quantities)  

More Posts from Caroline12704 and Others

7 years ago

🌙 My Witchy Bedroom Cleaning Routine ⚡

Hey witches! This is what I personally do to clean my bedroom as a witch. I find incorporating witchcraft into housekeeping really changes it from a mundane task into a pleasant and grounding practise.

To begin, I open my window to allow fresh air to circulate and to let stagnant energy out.

My first task is stripping my bedcovers and putting them in a laundry, then making up my bed with fresh pillowcases and sheets. I personally spritz my bed linen with a homemade essential oil spray made from water, witch hazel and lavender essential oil. My predominant scent for the bedroom is lavender due to its relaxing and sleep aid properties, but you can use whatever you like.

I make lavender sachets out of dried lavender which I place under and in my pillowcases.

I then move onto clearing my floor of any clothing. I have a laundry basket in the corner where I place dirty clothing, and I fold everything clean up or hang it in my wardrobe. I love to use my essential oil diffuser with my favorite scents and place it in my wardrobe to make my clothing smell lovely and fresh, and I make herbal sachets for inside my drawers for the same purpose.

Any other miscalleneous items on my floor or chair get put away in their correct areas. I have a basket under my nightstand which I have gotten into the habit of placing random items in, so I sort through this and put everything away.

I then move into organising the tops of my dressers and tables. I usually move most items off surfaces and onto my bed while I spray and wipe all of my surfaces down. I make my own cleaning spray out of white vinegar, citrus peels and lemongrass essential oils for this purpose. I also empty all of my incense holders of ash and then rearrange everything back into its correct place.

The next step is my altar. After wiping down the surface of my altar, I rearrange it how I wish. If I’m performing a certain spell that day, I will also make sure my needed items are laid out and ready to go.

All items off my windowsill then get taken off while I wipe it down with my spray and wipe. Many of my crystals and plants are stored here, and I rearrange afterwards as I wish.

Now that my floor is cleared, I am able to vacuum.

I then cleanse my room either using a sage stick or sage incense.

Finally, I water all my plants, set out fresh flowers on my nightstand and either use my essential oil diffuser, light an incense or light a scented candle to make my room smell lovely. 💖

7 years ago
A 2017 Resolution Of Mine Is To Have My Grimoire (or At Least The Basics) Completed 📖🔮 I’ve Been

A 2017 resolution of mine is to have my grimoire (or at least the basics) completed 📖🔮 I’ve been working on a few pages due to being snowed in! 😁🌙✨

7 years ago

Chocolate Chip/Sugar Cookie Dough Bites -5.9/8.4 Calories -Vegan|Dairy Free|Gluten Free

Chocolate Chip/Sugar Cookie Dough Bites -5.9/8.4 Calories -Vegan|Dairy Free|Gluten Free

Im going to try to start putting it in picture format too again

With Chocolate Chips:  For the entire thing: 133.9 cals | For one (makes 16): 8.4 cals

Without Chocolate Chips: (vegan) For the entire thing: 95.5 | For one (makes 16): 5.9 cals

Ingredients

2 tbsp oat flour Recipe Here-37.5 cals

½ banana-53 cals

3 tbsp cashew milk-5 cals

16 chocolate chips-38.4 cals

Sprinkle of salt-0 cals

0 cal sweetener to taste (you can let the banana be the sweetener too)

How To

(optional, you can eat raw) Heat oven to 350ºF/177ºC

Mash banana and combine with coconut flour in a small bowl. 

Add cashew milk and stir. 

Sweeten to taste 

Mix in chocolate chips (if you are using) 

Form into balls (I actually form into balls and then press the chocolate chips in) 

If not cooking, store in an air tight container and put in the fridge

If cooking, place in the oven for about 3-5-10-ish minutes, or until they are starting to brown -aka- cook like normal cookies but for a shorter period of time

7 years ago

ana buddy?

i’ve recently had a very bad binge that ended up with me gaining 5 pounds, and i need someone to help me through it or prevent me from doing it again /: i’ll be here for you, you’ll be here for me :D i got you pal! plus, it will be nice having someone you can trust.

must be at least two of these things:

13 years or older

5’4 or under (im like 4’11)

have a close sw and gw to mine (sw: 155 gw: 115)

here’s some stuff about me:

i don’t work out (except for school gym)

i eat 1,000 cals a day, but i’m trying to reduce it

i prefer to send sweetspo, but i can do meanspo

i am a student, so i won’t be able to respond for a chunk of the day. i’ll get to you as best as i can!

i love bts :)

🐥 like or reblog this and i’ll message you!

7 years ago

Comfort soup - 45cal

*10 pieces of spaghetti broken in half

*1 cup of vegetable broth

*¼ cup of chopped carrots

*3 tbsp of celery

Throw together in a pot and cook till the noodles and vegetables are soft

This is a warm homey soup which is great for if you are sick <3

7 years ago
If You Are A Baby Witch, I Would Recommend You To Start By A Book Of Shadows. A Book Of Shadow Is A Witche’s

If you are a baby witch, I would recommend you to start by a book of shadows. A book of shadow is a witche’s most precious tool. It is a kind of journal, or diary, in which you write your magickal learnings, spells, etc… Here are some examples of what you can put in it.

7 years ago

How to be an Eco Friendly Hoe

Ditch cotton balls/pads/tampons/rounds/ect. Switch to rags and stuff to remove makeup and wash your face, then replace cotton pads/tampons with washable cloth pads and a menstrual cup. Save a shit ton of money a month and do a lil bit better for the environment.

Also get rid of those make up triangle things. Get a silicone applicator or just use your fingers. No shame.

Make sure you clean your brushes though, so you don’t have to keep buying more. I only have four brushes now: Eyebrow brush, smaller one for contour/highlight (I rarely highlight), big brush for powder, and one double sided brush for eyeshadow.

Think about switching contours to just unsweetened cocoa powder. I mixed a 1 part dark to 2 parts regular for my skin tone and apply a line and blend a bit then use my big powder brush to help blend. Why spend the shit ton that Too Faced charges for something that literally smells the exact same.

Water filters - you know you need to drink water so don’t question me. But if you broke asf and don’t have a fridge filter, get a bamboo charcoal stick on amazon and plop that in a thing of tap water for a couple hours. Tastes better I promise and gets rid of baddies.

Need killer outfits? Second hand stores like Plato’s Closet or Upscale Cheepskate are good places to try. I found some professional as fuck Ann Taylor suits from a thrift store and I bought that shit up and made the pants fit me. Also, while you’re at it. Thrift stores have a lot of jars and other glass stuff so buy that shit up if you use a lot of plastic/single use stuff at your place. 

Learn to sew, trust me you’ll thank me. My pants are all specific to me because I re-tailor them for me only. WithWendy on youtube has a good tutorial on how.

Knock-off yeti’s are dope, get one. Two of those are your needed water in take a day and I use mine for hot leftovers a lot. Also switch from plastic cups/coffee mugs, switch to glass, metal, and ceramic. Better quality and plastic doesn’t leech in to your body.

Speaking of leftovers, if you’re in the Sugar Bowl with me, you probably have a decent sized bag to have everything always. Get a collapsable lunch box (preferably silicone) and take it with you. If you and your SD are out and you get to take home leftovers he’ll be so impressed that you have your own. Also get a straw, metal or silicone if you chew your straw all the time like me. He’ll be 10/10 impressed by your preparedness.

Lush is a lifesaver. I love their products and I have the little tins for their shampoo and conditioner. THOUGH!!! I’m trying to use less shampoo in general and down to only using shampoo once every two weeks, my hair feels a lot healthier. Plus, no plastic bottles with the bars. Also, their Ro Argan body conditioner is to die for, all my SD’s can’t get over how nice my body smells and how soft it is. Then they recycle the tubs when you’re done. Also, their toothy tabs are dope toothpaste alternative.

Switch to fountain pens with pistons and learn how to use them. More eco friendly then any other pen and looks hella professional.

Stop using shit on your face. Washed, masks, ect. Quit it. It’s bad for your skin. Use only water with a clean wash cloth and if you need to exfoliate: use a little bit of baking soda and water to a paste, apply and leave for a few minutes (Not long), and rinse with water. Only use your hands. Healthier face means the less makeup you have to use and girl lemme tell you it is freeing to barely need concealer/foundation.

Also! If you have bad acne or just need a moisturizer with acne help! Almond oil (if you’re not allergic) with about 20 drops of tea tree essential oil, shakey shakey, boom. It’s a acne fighting moisturizer and all I have to do now is stop touching my chin cuz the rest of my face is fine.

Also stop buying exfoliators. Sugar, coconut oil, and a splash of vanilla will do a lot more good and is a lot cheaper.

Shave with a safety razor. It’s scary at first just go gentle and slow and make sure you wash the blade a LOT after one or two swipes. Eventually you’ll get a hang of it and be more confident. I always exfoliate before I shave to make sure it’s all ready, and for around your kitty be sure to pull the area tight while you shave to get it good. For your cat itself, make sure you trim that shit up close with a pair of scissors before you do anything. I use shea butter lotion to shave there, exfoliate with a rough cloth because you don’t want sugar in that area, and pull tight to shave in very short motions. It takes a while but its worth it. I use an alum stone after and tea tree oil if I have any red spots.

Don’t forget to exfoliate your underarms too. They get stinky because dead skin and sweat build up there. Also ditch the deodorant. You can make your own or I use rose scented witch hazel. It takes a bit to detox it from your skin if you use it a lot but its been vaguely linked to breast cancer so it gets a mighty Fuck That from me.

Healthy nails are 10/10 every day. Coconut oil on them and around them before you go to bed and don’t use them, use a file. Same for toes. Clippers fuck them up and files just brush it away.

Bamboo toothbrushes are lit, can be composted just gotta remove the bristles once you’re done with it.

Get a compost bin and find a place where you can take your compost in your city. The charcoal filters can be composted too. But the bin I got from Target has a carbon filter on the top so I don’t smell anything and my university has a place to take it. And I haven’t seen a single bug or rodent even in my dorm.

Ditch the house cleaners. Use white vinegar in glass jars and citrus peels. Fill a quart jar a little under half full with citrus peels (not packed full or anything) and then fill the whole thing with white vinegar. Let that shit sit under your sink for about two weeks then strain it in to a separate jar, compost the peels. This is a multi-purpose cleaner. I use it on surfaces and spray it on my floor and use a swiffer stick but with a microfiber cloth instead of the pads because fuck that and use it to clean my floors. For glass, one part white vinegar to one part water. Use a microfiber cloth and bam, streak free shine bitches.

Use loose leaf tea, those lil packs are made from plastic a lot of the time and in hot water plastic leeches in to the tea so I just use a metal strainer

That’s all I got right now, please add to this if you have something! Check out the #zerowaste tag on instagram if you want more eco friendly tips

4 years ago

the way that becoming pregnant and giving birth to living children is framed as like an extremely important thing for women to accomplish and an ability that should be preserved in any way possible when considering medical treatment for women is honestly one of the most sinister forms of misogyny in medicine. the way women with debilitating endometriosis aren’t offered hysterectomies/oophorectomies because they might want to have children some day. even though it’s the only way to permanently relieve the chronic excruciating pain that condition causes. the way women with PCOS just have to deal with it, and the way PCOS treatment is framed in a way to preserve/foster fertility rather than to treat the horrible chronic symptoms it causes. the way my happily childless 30 year old sister was diagnosed with stage three lymphoma (a type of blood cancer) and was actually given the option to delay her treatment by months so they could harvest an egg from her so that she could still have a child by IVF if she recovered. a delay which would have almost certainly cost her her life at that point. the fact that her doctor told her to take a few days to think about it and consult with her husband before deciding against the delay and getting on with the chemo that would make her infertile and save her life. that something like that was even offered to her, knowing that they could not afford to delay treatment, i always wonder how many other vulnerable women in her position may have actually chosen to delay and subsequently died in the name of a non-existent offspring.

yes medicine has improved and in developed countries pregnancy and childbirth isn’t as much of a death sentence as it was 100 years ago, but the attitudes towards women’s bodies and their value being measured by their ability to reproduce hasn’t gone anywhere at all - and it still influences the actions of doctors, their decisions for treatment, their priorities, and in that way these attitudes continue to affect women’s health and life expectancies. this is a uniquely complicated reality for trans men who are excluded from discussions of birth control/pregnancy/PCOS/endemitriosis et al, and trans women who are devalued by their inability to become pregnant and have bio children. its a Lot.

7 years ago

How I Make My Stomach Stop Growling - Ana Tip #2

1) Take appetite suppressants! That could be diet soda, tea, coffee or just water.

2) Breathe with my stomach rapidly for like 15 seconds. Make sure your tummy is going in and out, instead of your chest going up and down.

3) If you’re lying down; don’t lay on your back! instead, lay on your side. When you lay on your back, your stomach sinks downwards and looks thinner, but for me, it also makes my stomach growl.

Get to know your own body, and find out what works for you!

image

STAY SAFE

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