Team Chloroplast Or Team Mitochondrion?

The downside to making your own food…you’re probably going to get eaten by a heterotroph.

ProtoPhotosynthesis™

Scientists accidentally create mutant enzyme that eats plastic bottles

The breakthrough, spurred by the discovery of plastic-eating bugs at a Japanese dump, could help solve the global plastic pollution crisis

Scientists have created a mutant enzyme that breaks down plastic drinks bottles – by accident. The breakthrough could help solve the global plastic pollution crisis by enabling for the first time the full recycling of bottles.

The new research was spurred by the discovery in 2016 of the first bacterium that had naturally evolved to eat plastic, at a waste dump in Japan. Scientists have now revealed the detailed structure of the crucial enzyme produced by the bug.

The international team then tweaked the enzyme to see how it had evolved, but tests showed they had inadvertently made the molecule even better at breaking down the PET (polyethylene terephthalate) plastic used for soft drink bottles. “What actually turned out was we improved the enzyme, which was a bit of a shock,” said Prof John McGeehan, at the University of Portsmouth, UK, who led the research. “It’s great and a real finding.”

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A bacterium living on the diatom of and amphipod

(Reddit)

Zoooooooooooom

Kinesin (a motor protein) pulling some kind of vesicle along some kind of cytoskeletal filament.

Terrifying. 🎃

¿Recuerdas cuando sólo sabías que esto era una célula, y pensabas que eso era todo lo que tenía? 

Era casi tierna cuando tenía sólo unos organelos con funciones que se resumían en unas pocas líneas, y la mitocondria era lo más complejo y abundante que podía existir porque la materia que te pasaban de ella ocupaba dos páginas del cuaderno…

Y qué importaba cómo se relaciona? Para eso tenía unas lindas proteínas en la membrana que comunicaban y hacían magia…

…

Todo ese simple concepto queda atrás cuando tienes biología celular…

Simple concepto escolar de célula, ¡te extraño!

Noche de estudio de Biología Celular, ¡voy por ti!

Confused about what is meant by 5’ to 3’ and 3’ to 5’ in DNA? We have a GIF for that!

Penicillin

Penicillin is a widely used antibiotic prescribed to treat staphylococci and streptococci bacterial infections. 

beta-lactam family 

Gram-positive bacteria = thick cell walls containing high levels of peptidoglycan

gram-negative bacteria = thinner cell walls with low levels of peptidoglycan and surrounded by a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer that prevents antibiotic entry 

penicillin is most effective against gram-positive bacteria where DD-transpeptidase activity is highest.

Examples of penicillins include:

amoxicillin

ampicillin

bacampicillin

oxacillin

penicillin

Mechanism(s)

Penicillin inhibits the bacterial enzyme transpeptidase, responsible for catalysing the final peptidoglycan crosslinking stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Cells wall is weakened and cells swell as water enters and then burst (lysis)

Becomes permanently covalently bonded to the enzymes’s active site (irreversible)

Alternative theory: penicillin mimics D-Ala D-Ala

Or may act as an umbrella inhibitor

Resistance

production of beta-lactamase - destroys the beta-lactam ring of penicillin and makes it ineffective (eg Staphylococcus aureus - most are now resistant)

In response, synthetic penicillin that is resistant to beta-lactamase is in use including egdicloxacillin, oxacillin, nafcillin, and methicillin. 

Some is resistant to methicillin - methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).  

Demonstrating blanket resistance to all beta-lactam antibiotics -extremely serious health risk.